University of Central Florida (UCF) Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice

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• Which term is used to describe a tumor that is generally benign but can include exceptions such as lymphoma, hepatoma, and melanoma?
• Chaperone proteins primarily help with
• BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations increase risk for which cancers?
• Gas gangrene is caused by infection with anaerobic bacteria that produce gas. Which genus is commonly responsible?
• Which statement best describes benign neoplasms?
• Coagulative necrosis is characterized by?
• Which of the following is an example of physical mechanical injury?
• Cellular death is typically irreversible when the injury is prolonged.
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cancer warning sign?
• In medical terminology, the suffix -oma typically denotes a benign tumor. Which of the following is listed as an exception to this rule?
• Chaperone proteins primarily help with
• Which statement describes a distinctive odor commonly associated with phenylketonuria?
• Grading tumors is used to assess which property?
• Caseous necrosis is characteristically seen in which context?
• Cystic fibrosis is inherited in which pattern?
• Which cell is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?
• Which cell type is specialized for presenting antigens to T cells?
• Which of the following is a cause of atrophy?
• Which characteristic describes benign tumors?
• A Mendelian single-gene disorder typically involves changes in what genetic material?
• Which cell initiates blood clotting in hemostasis?
• The principle 'Complex substrate + enzyme = soluble product' describes the role of which cellular component?
• Leukemia refers to which of the following?
• Turner syndrome karyotype most accurately described as:
• Which statement correctly differentiates iatrogenic and idiopathic etiologies?
• The process by which cancer cells spread from original tissue to distant sites?
• Remission is defined as
• Klinefelter syndrome is associated with which chromosomal finding?
• Wet gangrene is best described as:
• Which statement about gas gangrene is true?
• Pathophysiology is defined as the study of
• Codominant inheritance means both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote.
• What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune response?
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by deficiency of which protein?
• Infectious and immunologic injury is caused by which type of agents?
• Caseous necrosis is best described as degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance.
• Idiopathic etiology refers to a disease with what characteristic?
• Which statement about cancer prognosis is true?
• Albinism is best described as which type of genetic disorder?
• In innate defense, what is the effect of low pH?
• Somatic death is defined as?
• A mutation in the TP53 gene most directly leads to which consequence?
• Brain death indicates somatic death.
• Gregor Mendel's work showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring.
• If an individual inherits a defective copy of a tumor suppressor gene, which statement is most accurate?
• Phenylketonuria is an example of which broad category?
• Fragile X syndrome is most commonly caused by which genetic change?
• Mutagens include
• Which tissue-resident macrophage is located in the brain?
• Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer by two main types: genetic damage and promotion. Which statement below best captures this concept?
• Anueploidy refers to which of the following?
• In cancer development, which statement is true about copies of tumor suppressor genes?
• Acute clinical course is defined as which of the following?
• Robertsonian rearrangement involves exchange of what chromosomal segments?
• Wall of yolk sac role during embryonic life
• What is the normal function of a tumor suppressor gene?
• If the cellular change in reversible injury is brief and the stress is removed, the cell will
• Meiosis errors commonly occur during which process?
• Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in which gene?
• The centromere is the region where chromatids join.
• In the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, what is the role of p53?
• Which features characterize reversible cell injury?
• Edwards syndrome is associated with which trisomy?
• Proto-oncogenes are best described as
• Acute phase refers to which description?
• Which lymphocyte mediates cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells?
• Vaccine purpose
• People with Down syndrome have an increased risk of which condition?
• Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the most common chromosomal disorder. Which statement is true?
• Trisomy 13 is associated with Patau syndrome and typically results in what outcome?
• A proto-oncogene is best described as
• What is the therapeutic goal in anti-angiogenic cancer treatment?
• Loss of function of a tumor suppressor gene results in:
• Huntington disease is inherited in which pattern?
• Genetic traits are inherited from parents to offspring.
• Abnormal (aberrant) chromosome structure is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes benign tumors?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of antibody-coated pathogens?
• In autosomal recessive inheritance, two carrier parents have what chance of having an affected child?
• Genomic imprinting involves differential marking of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
• Which statement about X-linked disorders is true?
• The term 'patho' in medical language refers to
• Which cellular process results in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells?
• Monocytes are leukocytes that primarily perform what function?
• Which system captures antigens?
• Which genetic event describes exchange of DNA pieces between non-homologous chromosomes?
• Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by dissolution of dead cells by which agents?
• Which term means an increased severity of signs and symptoms?
• What does codominant inheritance mean?
• Intracellular accumulation refers to
• Which statement best describes the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
• Neoplasia refers to what?
• Which process is characterized by cell rupture and inflammation due to ischemia or injury?
• Fat necrosis is degeneration of fat cells due to trauma or pancreatitis. It commonly presents with what appearance?
• Hypoxia is defined as lack of oxygen.
• Which term describes diseases influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, such as type 2 diabetes?
• Which statement about Down syndrome is true?
• Which statement correctly differentiates aneuploidy from structural chromosome abnormalities?
• Activation of P53 is prompted by
• Which feature indicates a malignant tumor that can spread to distant sites?
• Which statement best describes the innate defense system?
• Which molecule binds to death receptors to trigger the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?
• Angelman syndrome is maternally derived.
• Apoptosis is best defined as?
• The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is initiated by death receptors interacting with ligands such as FAS. Which term best describes this pathway?
• Chromatids are best described as
• Which statement correctly describes genes?
• Which condition is characterized by a lack of pigment due to reduced melanin synthesis?
• Congenital malformation are structural defects caused by error in fetal development; Mainly due to genetics; if environmental cause, mostly unknown.
• What term describes a reversible change in a cell's size, structure, or function in response to a stress?
• Apoptosis is triggered by which pathways?
• What term describes tissue death occurring in a large area due to interrupted blood flow?
• Tumor markers are used primarily to identify which of the following?
• What does the TNM cancer staging system stand for?
• The P53 gene inhibits
• Trisomy 8, 9, and 22 are best described as what kind of disorders?
• Which organs are primary lymphoid organs?
• Which signs may be present early in phenylketonuria?
• Which are chemical mediators involved in inflammation?
• Which statement best differentiates malignant neoplasms from benign neoplasms?
• Reciprocal translocation is best described as
• What cellular event can lead to sodium ions accumulating inside the cell?
• Where is the thymus located?
• Chemotherapy causes cell death in part via which pathway?
• Which statement best describes chromosome characteristics?
• Decreased activity of a tumor suppressor gene can lead to overactivity of oncogenes.
• The intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is characterized by
• When is newborn screening for phenylketonuria typically performed?
• What term denotes the study of causes and reasons for disease?
• Angelman syndrome is maternally derived; Prader-Willi is paternally derived.
• Angiogenesis in cancer is described as which of the following?
• Which postmortem finding described is due to autolysis?
• Which statement best describes the phenotype?
• Turner syndrome chromosomal pattern is typically:
• Fat necrosis is most commonly caused by which factors?
• Which definition describes the latent period in infectious disease?
• Which karyotype is typical for Klinefelter syndrome?
• Convalescence follows the acute phase and involves gradual return to health.
• Hematopoiesis in adults occurs mainly in red bone marrow located in the pelvis, cranium, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae.
• An autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by
• Which statement best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer?
• Cumulative result factors in cellular damage include which of the following?
• An isochromosome is best described as
• Which statement about chromosomal deletions is true?
• Permanent changes in DNA are
• Deletion at both ends of a chromosome may result in which structure?
• A congenital disorder is defined as occurring at birth due to genetic or environmental factors or both.
• Meiosis involves how many cell divisions?
• What is the approximate prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome among live-born males?
• Sarcoma is defined as a malignant tumor of what origin?
• In clinical terminology, signs refer to?
• Which histologic feature is associated with malignant tumors?
• Which factor regulates the promotion phase of carcinogenesis?
• The common site of intracellular accumulation is which organ?
• Which organs are primary lymphoid organs?
• Basophils are involved in which process?
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in cell number.
• What term describes extra copies of a DNA segment?
• Antioxidants are best described as which of the following?
• Which of the following best indicates cell death?
• Which statement about DNA strand breaks is correct?
• Ubiquitin proteasome enzyme function
• Which function is associated with eosinophils?
• The prodromal period is defined as the first appearance of signs and symptoms indicating disease. What is the prodromal period?
• Which facial feature is commonly associated with Down syndrome?
• A trait that involves multiple gene loci and environmental factors is best described as...
• When abnormal germ cells combine with normal germ cells, the fertilized cell may have how many chromosomes?
• Polysomy refers to a daughter cell that has...
• Nutritional injury is best described as damage to cells due to insufficient intake of which nutrients?
• A mutation that codes for growth factor, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, or nuclear transcription factors, leading to new or enhanced function, is called what?
• Ischemia is best defined as
• Which of the following is a common physical feature of Turner syndrome?
• The P53 gene functions as what type of gene?
• Iatrogenic conditions are best defined as conditions caused by
• Which term refers to a disorganized look on cells due to abnormal variation and may be a pre-neoplastic lesion?
• What does cancer staging assess?
• Which mechanism contributes to cellular swelling?
• In humans, a diploid cell contains which of the following?
• Cri du chat syndrome is caused by which chromosomal abnormality?
• Cellular death is irreversible when injury persists.
• Which statement about chromosomal inversion is true?
• Metaplasia is best described as?
• What is a sequela?
• Which statement best describes the involvement of inflammation in apoptosis?
• The RB gene is best described as
• The term that describes the study of how etiologic factors alter physiologic function and lead to disease is
• Which condition is a classic example of monosomy?
• Chromosomal inversion is a rearrangement defined by
• Mitochondrial inheritance is characterized by?
• Intracellular accumulation can injure the cell by
• Which cellular component's activity prevents accumulation of insoluble substrates by catalyzing conversion to soluble products?
• Which feature is used to identify individual chromosomes after staining?
• Pathogenesis refers to
• During mitosis, the chromosomes align at the equatorial plane in which stage?
• Histiocytes are tissue macrophages primarily located in which tissue?
• Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells.
• Sex-linked disorders are most often inherited in which pattern?
• Which trisomy is associated with Patau syndrome?
• Naive B cells are mature B cells that have left the bone marrow and have not yet encountered antigen. Which description best characterizes them?
• The incidence of Turner syndrome among live female births is approximately:
• Dendritic cells are primarily located in which tissues?
• Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis.
• Which of the following can cause cellular injury?
• Which cell differentiates into macrophages in tissue?
• Initiation in carcinogenesis involves which genetic changes?
• Monogenic diseases are caused by mutations in how many genetic loci?
• Which statement about autosomes is true?
• Trisomy 18 is also known as Edwards syndrome. Which of the following is correct?
• Which term refers to subjective feelings such as pain or nausea?
• The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis involves defective transport of which ion across membranes?
• Which statement best defines a syndrome?
• What is the main molecular component of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway?
• Alveolar macrophages are tissue macrophages located in which organ?
• An oncogene is best described as
• A chronic clinical course is defined as lasting more than how long?
• Which mutation causes a dramatic change in the genetic code due to shifting the reading frame?
• Barrett esophagus is an example of which process?
• Marfan syndrome is inherited in which pattern?
• Convalescence is the stage of recovery after disease or surgery.
• Hemophilia is a sex linked disorder.
• Atrophy is best described as?
• Deletion is associated with some cancers
• Hemophilia is a sex-linked disorder caused by lack of Factor VIII.
• Which organs are included in the lymphoid system?
• Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in phenylketonuria results in the loss of which enzyme?
• Which statement best describes cellular adaptation?
• Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell size.
• During cellular aging, the cell tends to...
• In autosomal dominant disorders, what is the risk to a child when one parent is affected and the other is unaffected?
• Approximately what fraction of cancers are attributed to lifestyle factors?
• Which leukocyte is first to appear after tissue injury and engages in phagocytosis?
• A risk factor is best defined as
• Which statement best defines a congenital disorder?
• Which statement about antioxidants is NOT true?
• Which statement describes the first line of defense in the immune system?
• In humans, meiosis results in gametes with how many chromosomes?
• Carcinoma is best defined as a malignant tumor of epithelial origin.
• A pedigree is used to trace
• Which statement accurately distinguishes the terms 'acute clinical course' and 'acute phase'?
• In malignant cells, the enzyme telomerase is often produced to
• Duplication in genetics results in what?
• In response to DNA damage, which role does P53 play?
• Inherited genetic disorders are typically characterized by being found
• Cancer death typically occurs most often in which age group?
• What role do normal skin flora play in innate defense?
• Disease progression is best described as which of the following?
• Phenylketonuria is inherited as which type of disorder?
• Which statement about lung cancer is true?
• Dysplasia is best described as a disorganized cellular arrangement that may be a pre-neoplastic lesion.
• In pathophysiology, treatment is typically described as which of the following?
• Mendelian gene disorders are characterized by inheritance patterns predicted by which kind of mutations?
• Dry gangrene is best described as which of the following?
• Turner development lacking is typically reflected by lack of:
• Which cell type secretes antibodies?
• How is a point mutation defined?